January 31, 2013

Where the wind is freer

I OFTEN THINK life would be a lot easier for sailors if air were colored instead of being invisible. A smoky pink might be nice, or a cheerful yellow. Then we could see what was happening to the airflow around our sails, and easily adjust them for maximum efficiency.

As things are, however, we have to do a lot of guessing. We also have to put great faith in the pronouncements of scientists who assure us that the moving air we call wind changes speed as it gets higher. Apparently, friction between the air and the ground, or water, slows down the lower layers of wind. The difference is perceptible, they tell us, even over the short distance from deck to masthead.

That in turn affects the murky business we know as apparent wind, a combination of the true wind and the forward movement of the boat. On the mainsail, it means that the apparent wind is freer at the head than the foot by about 5 or 8 degrees. That’s why the head of the sail should fall off, with a gradual twist all the way up the leech.

On most boats I’ve sailed, it seems to do this naturally all by itself, though I’ve never tried to estimate the number of degrees of sag at the head to see if it got it right.

It’s unlikely that your mainsail will maintain the same angle all the way up the leech from the clew to the head of its own accord, but if perchance it does, don’t try to make adjustments. It’s too complicated. Take the sail to a sailmaker and ask him or her to build in the twist that should have been there in the first place.

Of course, one angle of twist can’t be correct for all wind speeds. That would be too simple, and nothing is simple on a yacht. There are, indeed times when you don’t want any twist at all. The death roll so familiar to Laser sailors on the run is blamed on the top of the sail twisting to leeward and forming a shape like the blade of a fan that pulls the boat over suddenly to windward.

So ask your sailmaker for a slight amount of twist, a sort of run-of-the-mill kind of twist, nothing excessive — and hope for the best.

Today’s Thought
It is folly to complain of the fickleness of the wind.
— Ovid, Heroides

Tailpiece
There was a young woman called Hall
Who wore a newspaper dress to a ball.
The dress caught on fire
And burned her entire
Front page, sports section, and all.

(Drop by every Monday, Wednesday, Friday for a new Mainly about Boats column.)

2 comments:

Jack said...

John,
I detect your racing heritage coming through your piece today..."maximum efficiency". The desire to go as fast as possible in what ever direction the vessel is required.

Now don't get me wrong, a sailing vessel seen with it's canvas flopping about is a insult to any seafarer's eye worth his (or her) salt, but I like to approach the pleasure of the ocean from a... let's say, more relaxed philosophy. To go to sea and leave behind the rush and tear of Terra firma, to hear nothing but nature of sail.... and not to spill my G&T!

The competition to arrive as quickly as possible only seems to rear it's ugly head when returning to port, and, there's another craft who just might be trying to get home first! It's possible times like this I wished the Gaff was Bermudian.
Jack

David said...

We routinely use our traveler to adjust the amount of twist in the mainsail, and our jib cars to adjust the amount of twist in the foresail. The correct amount of twist depends very much on the wind speed. The telltales tell the story.